
当一个孩子患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)时,整个家庭都会受到影响,包括兄弟姐妹。以下是一些帮助神经正常的兄弟姐妹了解自闭症并与哥哥或姐姐建立稳固、积极关系的建议。
**简单解释自闭症**
Use age-appropriate language to explain autism. For younger children, say something like, *“Your brother’s brain works differently, so he may need extra help.”* Encourage questions and help them understand their sibling’s unique challenges.
**鼓励移情**
Teach siblings to be patient and empathetic. Explain that behaviors like meltdowns aren’t intentional and show them ways to help their sibling, such as giving space during stressful moments.
**创建共享活动**
寻找两个孩子都喜欢的活动,如画画或在户外玩耍,创造亲子时光。短暂的共同经历可以加强他们之间的联系。
**承认感受**
Allow siblings to express their feelings, whether it’s frustration, pride, or confusion. Let them know it’s okay to feel mixed emotions and create a safe space for open communication.
**促进个性**
Celebrate each child’s unique achievements and interests. Ensure neurotypical siblings have time to pursue their own activities, friendships, and successes, promoting a balance between supporting their sibling and being their own person.
**让他们从小事做起**
让神经正常的兄弟姐妹扮演一些支持性的小角色,比如指导兄弟姐妹完成一项任务。不过,这些角色要与年龄相适应,避免让他们觉得自己是照顾者。
By fostering understanding, empathy, and shared experiences, parents can help build strong, positive relationships between siblings. Encouraging open dialogue and celebrating each child’s individuality will help create a supportive family dynamic.
随着暑期的结束和新学年的临近,为患有自闭症的孩子做好重返学校的过渡准备可能是一项挑战。通过一些周到的准备和策略,您可以帮助您和您的孩子更顺利、更轻松地度过这一过渡时期。以下是一些入门提示:
1.创建可视化时间表
许多患有自闭症的儿童在常规和可预见性的环境中茁壮成长。直观的时间表可以帮助他们了解每天的预期。您可以创建一个包括以下内容的时间表:
- 晨间例行活动
- 上课时间
- 课后活动
- 作业时间
- 晚间例行活动
用图片或图标表示不同的活动,并将时间表放在显眼的地方。
2.提前参观学校
如果可能,请安排孩子在第一天入学前到学校参观。这可以帮助您的孩子熟悉新环境、认识老师并了解学校的布局。如果您的孩子换了新的教室或老师,多次参观可能会有所帮助。
3.与教师和工作人员见面
Schedule a meeting with your child’s teacher, support staff, and any other key personnel. Share information about your child’s strengths, challenges, sensory preferences, and any specific strategies that have worked well in the past. Building a positive relationship with the school staff can ensure better support for your child.
4.练习学校常规
与孩子一起排练每天的学校例行活动,帮助他们习惯每天要做的事情。这可以包括
- 每天在同一时间起床
- 穿校服
- 收拾背包
- 练习上学路线(如步行或开车)
5.创建社交故事
社交故事是帮助患有自闭症的儿童理解和准备新体验的好方法。您可以创作一个关于返校的简单故事,其中包括有关学校的一天、教室和期待的细节。使用简单的语言和视觉效果,使故事引人入胜,易于理解。
6.为满足感官需求做好准备
学校环境可能会让对感官敏感的孩子不知所措。为孩子准备一个可以带到学校的感统工具包,包括以下物品
- 降噪耳机
- 小玩意玩具
- 咀嚼珠宝
- 配重膝垫
与老师讨论您的孩子如何在白天使用这些工具来控制感官超负荷。
7.过渡计划
对于患有 ASD 的儿童来说,在不同活动或班级之间过渡可能会很困难。与学校合作制定过渡计划,其中包括
- 可视计时器
- 过渡前的口头警告
- 如果您的孩子感到不知所措,他们可以在这里冷静下来
8.庆祝微小的成功
Acknowledge and celebrate your child’s achievements, no matter how small. Positive reinforcement can boost their confidence and motivation. Create a reward system or a visual progress chart to track their successes and celebrate their hard work.
结论
Going back to school can be a challenging time for children with ASD, but with careful planning and support, you can help your child navigate this transition successfully. Remember to stay flexible and patient, and don’t hesitate to reach out to teachers and support staff for additional help. Here’s to a great school year ahead!